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Crimes Against Humanity as Defined by the International Criminal Court Website / Rome Statute / Elements_of_Crimes /
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Explanatory note:
The structure of the elements of the crimes of
genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes
follows the structure of the corresponding
provisions of articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Rome Statute.
Some paragraphs of those articles of the Rome
Statute list multiple crimes. In those instances, the
elements of crimes appear in separate paragraphs
which correspond to each of those crimes to
facilitate the identification of the respective
elements.
Elements of Crimes*
*
Elements of Crimes
Elements of Crimes
Table of Contents
General introduction 1
Article 6 Genocide 2
Introduction 2
6 (a) Genocide by killing 2
6 (b) Genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm 2
6 (c) Genocide by deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to
bring about physical destruction 3
6 (d) Genocide by imposing measures intended to prevent births 3
6 (e) Genocide by forcibly transferring children 4
Article 7 Crimes against humanity 5
Introduction 5
7 (1) (a) Crime against humanity of murder 5
7 (1) (b) Crime against humanity of extermination 6
7 (1) (c) Crime against humanity of enslavement 6
7 (1) (d) Crime against humanity of deportation or forcible transfer of
population 7
7 (1) (e) Crime against humanity of imprisonment or other severe deprivation
of physical liberty 7
7 (1) (f) Crime against humanity of torture 8
7 (1) (g)-1 Crime against humanity of rape 8
7 (1) (g)-2 Crime against humanity of sexual slavery 9
7 (1) (g)-3 Crime against humanity of enforced prostitution 9
7 (1) (g)-4 Crime against humanity of forced pregnancy 10
7 (1) (g)-5 Crime against humanity of enforced sterilization 10
7 (1) (g)-6 Crime against humanity of sexual violence 10
7 (1) (h) Crime against humanity of persecution 11
7 (1) (i) Crime against humanity of enforced disappearance of persons 11
7 (1) (j) Crime against humanity of apartheid 12
7 (1) (k) Crime against humanity of other inhumane acts 13
Article 8 War crimes 14
Introduction 14
Article 8 (2) (a) 14
8 (2) (a) (i) War crime of wilful killing 14
8 (2) (a) (ii)-1 War crime of torture 15
8 (2) (a) (ii)-2 War crime of inhuman treatment 15
8 (2) (a) (ii)-3 War crime of biological experiments 16
8 (2) (a) (iii) War crime of wilfully causing great suffering 16
8 (2) (a) (iv) War crime of destruction and appropriation of property 16
8 (2) (a) (v) War crime of compelling service in hostile forces 17
8 (2) (a) (vi) War crime of denying a fair trial 17
8 (2) (a) (vii)-1 War crime of unlawful deportation and transfer 18
8 (2) (a) (vii)-2 War crime of unlawful confinement 18
8 (2) (a) (viii) War crime of taking hostages 18
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) 19
8 (2) (b) (i) War crime of attacking civilians 19
8 (2) (b) (ii) War crime of attacking civilian objects 19
8 (2) (b) (iii) War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a
humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission 20
8 (2) (b) (iv) War crime of excessive incidental death, injury, or damage 20
8 (2) (b) (v) War crime of attacking undefended places 21
8 (2) (b) (vi) War crime of killing or wounding a person hors de combat 21
8 (2) (b) (vii)-1 War crime of improper use of a flag of truce 22
8 (2) (b) (vii)-2 War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the
hostile party 22
8 (2) (b) (vii)-3 War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the
United Nations 23
8 (2) (b) (vii)-4 War crime of improper use of the distinctive emblems of the
Geneva Conventions 23
8 (2) (b) (viii) The transfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of
parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies,
or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of
the occupied territory within or outside this territory 24
8 (2) (b) (ix) War crime of attacking protected objects 24
8 (2) (b) (x)-1 War crime of mutilation 25
8 (2) (b) (x)-2 War crime of medical or scientific experiments 25
8 (2) (b) (xi) War crime of treacherously killing or wounding 26
8 (2) (b) (xii) War crime of denying quarter 26
8 (2) (b) (xiii) War crime of destroying or seizing the enemy’s property 26
8 (2) (b) (xiv) War crime of depriving the nationals of the hostile power of rights
or actions 27
8 (2) (b) (xv) War crime of compelling participation in military operations 27
8 (2) (b) (xvi) War crime of pillaging 28
8 (2) (b) (xvii) War crime of employing poison or poisoned weapons 28
8 (2) (b) (xviii) War crime of employing prohibited gases, liquids, materials
or devices 28
8 (2) (b) (xix) War crime of employing prohibited bullets 29
8 (2) (b) (xx) War crime of employing weapons, projectiles or materials or
methods of warfare listed in the Annex to the Statute 29
8 (2) (b) (xxi) War crime of outrages upon personal dignity 29
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-1 War crime of rape 30
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-2 War crime of sexual slavery 30
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-3 War crime of enforced prostitution 31
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-4 War crime of forced pregnancy 31
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-5 War crime of enforced sterilization 31
8 (2) (b) (xxii)-6 War crime of sexual violence 32
8 (2) (b) (xxiii) War crime of using protected persons as shields 32
8 (2) (b) (xxiv) War crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive
emblems of the Geneva Conventions 32
8 (2) (b) (xxv) War crime of starvation as a method of warfare 33
8 (2) (b) (xxvi) War crime of using, conscripting or enlisting children 33
Article 8 (2) (c) 33
8 (2) (c) (i)-1 War crime of murder 33
8 (2) (c) (i)-2 War crime of mutilation 34
8 (2) (c) (i)-3 War crime of cruel treatment 34
Elements of Crimes
8 (2) (c) (i)-4 War crime of torture 35
8 (2) (c) (ii) War crime of outrages upon personal dignity 35
8 (2) (c) (iii) War crime of taking hostages 36
8 (2) (c) (iv) War crime of sentencing or execution without due process 36
Article 8 (2) (e) 37
8 (2) (e) (i) War crime of attacking civilians 37
8 (2) (e) (ii) War crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive
emblems of the Geneva Conventions 37
8 (2) (e) (iii) War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a
humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission 38
8 (2) (e) (iv) War crime of attacking protected objects 38
8 (2) (e) (v) War crime of pillaging 39
8 (2) (e) (vi)-1 War crime of rape 39
8 (2) (e) (vi)-2 War crime of sexual slavery 40
8 (2) (e) (vi)-3 War crime of enforced prostitution 40
8 (2) (e) (vi)-4 War crime of forced pregnancy 40
8 (2) (e) (vi)-5 War crime of enforced sterilization 41
8 (2) (e) (vi)-6 War crime of sexual violence 41
8 (2) (e) (vii) War crime of using, conscripting and enlisting children 42
8 (2) (e) (viii) War crime of displacing civilians 42
8 (2) (e) (ix) War crime of treacherously killing or wounding 42
8 (2) (e) (x) War crime of denying quarter 43
8 (2) (e) (xi)-1 War crime of mutilation 43
8 (2) (e) (xi)-2 War crime of medical or scientific experiments 44
8 (2) (e) (xii) War crime of destroying or seizing the enemy’s property 44
Elements of Crimes
Elements of Crimes
1
General introduction
1. Pursuant to article 9, the following Elements of Crimes shall assist the Court in the
interpretation and application of articles 6, 7 and 8, consistent with the Statute.
The provisions of the Statute, including article 21 and the general principles set
out in Part 3, are applicable to the Elements of Crimes.
2. As stated in article 30, unless otherwise provided, a person shall be criminally
responsible and liable for punishment for a crime within the jurisdiction of the
Court only if the material elements are committed with intent and knowledge.
Where no reference is made in the Elements of Crimes to a mental element for
any particular conduct, consequence or circumstance listed, it is understood that
the relevant mental element, i.e., intent, knowledge or both, set out in article 30
applies. Exceptions to the article 30 standard, based on the Statute, including
applicable law under its relevant provisions, are indicated below.
3. Existence of intent and knowledge can be inferred from relevant facts and
circumstances.
4. With respect to mental elements associated with elements involving value
judgement, such as those using the terms ‘inhumane’ or ‘severe’, it is not
necessary that the perpetrator personally completed a particular value judgement,
unless otherwise indicated.
5. Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility or the absence thereof are generally
not specified in the elements of crimes listed under each crime.1
6. The requirement of ‘unlawfulness’ found in the Statute or in other parts of
international law, in particular international humanitarian law, is generally not
specified in the elements of crimes.
7. The elements of crimes are generally structured in accordance with the following
principles:
– As the elements of crimes focus on the conduct, consequences and circumstances
associated with each crime, they are generally listed in that order;
– When required, a particular mental element is listed after the affected conduct,
consequence or circumstance;
– Contextual circumstances are listed last.
8. As used in the Elements of Crimes, the term ‘perpetrator’ is neutral as to guilt or
innocence. The elements, including the appropriate mental elements, apply,
mutatis mutandis, to all those whose criminal responsibility may fall under articles
25 and 28 of the Statute.
9. A particular conduct may constitute one or more crimes.
10. The use of short titles for the crimes has no legal effect.
1. This paragraph is without prejudice to the obligation of the Prosecutor under article 54, paragraph 1,
of the Statute.
2
Elements of Crimes
Article 6
Genocide
Introduction
With respect to the last element listed for each crime:
– The term ‘in the context of’ would include the initial acts in an emerging pattern;
– The term ‘manifest’ is an objective qualification;
– Notwithstanding the normal requirement for a mental element provided for in
article 30, and recognizing that knowledge of the circumstances will usually be
addressed in proving genocidal intent, the appropriate requirement, if any, for a
mental element regarding this circumstance will need to be decided by the Court
on a case-by-case basis.
Article 6 (a)
Genocide by killing
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed2 one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons belonged to a particular national, ethnical, racial or
religious group.
3. The perpetrator intended to destroy, in whole or in part, that national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such.
4. The conduct took place in the context of a manifest pattern of similar conduct
directed against that group or was conduct that could itself effect such destruction.
Article 6 (b)
Genocide by causing serious bodily or mental harm
Elements
1. The perpetrator caused serious bodily or mental harm to one or more persons.3
2. Such person or persons belonged to a particular national, ethnical, racial or
religious group.
3. The perpetrator intended to destroy, in whole or in part, that national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such.
4. The conduct took place in the context of a manifest pattern of similar conduct
directed against that group or was conduct that could itself effect such destruction.
2 The term ‘killed’ is interchangeable with the term ‘caused death’.
3 This conduct may include, but is not necessarily restricted to, acts of torture, rape, sexual violence or inhuman
or degrading treatment.
3
Elements of Crimes
Article 6 (c)
Genocide by deliberately inflicting conditions of life calculated to bring
about physical destruction
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted certain conditions of life upon one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons belonged to a particular national, ethnical, racial or
religious group.
3. The perpetrator intended to destroy, in whole or in part, that national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such.
4. The conditions of life were calculated to bring about the physical destruction of
that group, in whole or in part.4
5. The conduct took place in the context of a manifest pattern of similar conduct
directed against that group or was conduct that could itself effect such destruction.
Article 6 (d)
Genocide by imposing measures intended to prevent births
Elements
1. The perpetrator imposed certain measures upon one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons belonged to a particular national, ethnical, racial or
religious group.
3. The perpetrator intended to destroy, in whole or in part, that national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such.
4. The measures imposed were intended to prevent births within that group.
5. The conduct took place in the context of a manifest pattern of similar conduct
directed against that group or was conduct that could itself effect such destruction.
4 The term ‘conditions of life’ may include, but is not necessarily restricted to, deliberate deprivation of resources
indispensable for survival, such as food or medical services, or systematic expulsion from homes.
Article 6 (e)
Genocide by forcibly transferring children
Elements
1. The perpetrator forcibly transferred one or more persons.5
2. Such person or persons belonged to a particular national, ethnical, racial or
religious group.
3. The perpetrator intended to destroy, in whole or in part, that national, ethnical,
racial or religious group, as such.
4. The transfer was from that group to another group.
5. The person or persons were under the age of 18 years.
6. The perpetrator knew, or should have known, that the person or persons were
under the age of 18 years.
7. The conduct took place in the context of a manifest pattern of similar conduct
directed against that group or was conduct that could itself effect such destruction.
4
Elements of Crimes
5 The term ‘forcibly’ is not restricted to physical force, but may include threat of force or coercion, such as that
caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person
or persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment.
5
Elements of Crimes
Article 7
Crimes against humanity
Introduction
1. Since article 7 pertains to international criminal law, its provisions, consistent with
article 22, must be strictly construed, taking into account that crimes against
humanity as defined in article 7 are among the most serious crimes of concern to
the international community as a whole, warrant and entail individual criminal
responsibility, and require conduct which is impermissible under generally
applicable international law, as recognized by the principal legal systems of the
world.
2. The last two elements for each crime against humanity describe the context in
which the conduct must take place. These elements clarify the requisite
participation in and knowledge of a widespread or systematic attack against a
civilian population. However, the last element should not be interpreted as
requiring proof that the perpetrator had knowledge of all characteristics of the
attack or the precise details of the plan or policy of the State or organization. In
the case of an emerging widespread or systematic attack against a civilian
population, the intent clause of the last element indicates that this mental element
is satisfied if the perpetrator intended to further such an attack.
3. ‘Attack directed against a civilian population’ in these context elements is
understood to mean a course of conduct involving the multiple commission of acts
referred to in article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute against any civilian population,
pursuant to or in furtherance of a State or organizational policy to commit such
attack. The acts need not constitute a military attack. It is understood that ‘policy
to commit such attack’ requires that the State or organization actively promote or
encourage such an attack against a civilian population.6
Article 7 (1) (a)
Crime against humanity of murder
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed 7 one or more persons.
2. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
3. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population.
6 A policy which has a civilian population as the object of the attack would be implemented by State or
organizational action. Such a policy may, in exceptional circumstances, be implemented by a deliberate failure
to take action, which is consciously aimed at encouraging such attack. The existence of such a policy cannot be
inferred solely from the absence of governmental or organizational action.
7 The term ‘killed’ is interchangeable with the term ‘caused death’. This footnote applies to all elements which
use either of these concepts.
Article 7 (1) (b)
Crime against humanity of extermination
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed 8 one or more persons, including by inflicting conditions of
life calculated to bring about the destruction of part of a population.9
2. The conduct constituted, or took place as part of,10 a mass killing of members of a
civilian population.
3. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
4. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (c)
Crime against humanity of enslavement
Elements
1. The perpetrator exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of
ownership over one or more persons, such as by purchasing, selling, lending or
bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation
of liberty.11
2. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
3. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
6
Elements of Crimes
8 The conduct could be committed by different methods of killing, either directly or indirectly.
9 The infliction of such conditions could include the deprivation of access to food and medicine.
10 The term ‘as part of’ would include the initial conduct in a mass killing.
11 It is understood that such deprivation of liberty may, in some circumstances, include exacting forced labour or
otherwise reducing a person to a servile status as defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of
Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery of 1956. It is also understood that the
conduct described in this element includes trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.
7
Elements of Crimes
Article 7 (1) (d)
Crime against humanity of deportation or forcible transfer of population
Elements
1. The perpetrator deported or forcibly 12 transferred,13 without grounds permitted
under international law, one or more persons to another State or location, by
expulsion or other coercive acts.
2. Such person or persons were lawfully present in the area from which they were so
deported or transferred.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the
lawfulness of such presence.
4. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (e)
Crime against humanity of imprisonment or other severe deprivation of
physical liberty
Elements
1. The perpetrator imprisoned one or more persons or otherwise severely deprived
one or more persons of physical liberty.
2. The gravity of the conduct was such that it was in violation of fundamental rules of
international law.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the gravity
of the conduct.
4. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
12 The term ‘forcibly’ is not restricted to physical force, but may include threat of force or coercion, such as that
caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power against such person
or persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment.
13 ‘Deported or forcibly transferred’ is interchangeable with ‘forcibly displaced’.
Article 7 (1) (f)
Crime against humanity of torture14
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or
more persons.
2. Such person or persons were in the custody or under the control of the
perpetrator.
3. Such pain or suffering did not arise only from, and was not inherent in or
incidental to, lawful sanctions.
4. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (g)-1
Crime against humanity of rape
Elements
1. The perpetrator invaded15 the body of a person by conduct resulting in penetration,
however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the perpetrator with a
sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim with any object or any
other part of the body.
2. The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that
caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of
power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving
genuine consent.16
3. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
4. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
8
Elements of Crimes
14 It is understood that no specific purpose need be proved for this crime.
15 The concept of ‘invasion’ is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral.
16 It is understood that a person may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or
age-related incapacity. This footnote also applies to the corresponding elements of article 7 (1) (g)-3, 5 and 6.
9
Elements of Crimes
Article 7 (1) (g)-2
Crime against humanity of sexual slavery17
Elements
1. The perpetrator exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of
ownership over one or more persons, such as by purchasing, selling, lending or
bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation
of liberty.18
2. The perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature.
3. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
4. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (g)-3
Crime against humanity of enforced prostitution
Elements
1. The perpetrator caused one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear
of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against
such person or persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment or such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. The perpetrator or another person obtained or expected to obtain pecuniary or
other advantage in exchange for or in connection with the acts of a sexual nature.
3. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
4. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
17 Given the complex nature of this crime, it is recognized that its commission could involve more than one
perpetrator as a part of a common criminal purpose.
18 It is understood that such deprivation of liberty may, in some circumstances, include exacting forced labour or
otherwise reducing a person to a servile status as defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of
Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery of 1956. It is also understood that the
conduct described in this element includes trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.
Article 7 (1) (g)-4
Crime against humanity of forced pregnancy
Elements
1. The perpetrator confined one or more women forcibly made pregnant, with the
intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other
grave violations of international law.
2. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
3. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (g)-5
Crime against humanity of enforced sterilization
Elements
1. The perpetrator deprived one or more persons of biological reproductive
capacity.19
2. The conduct was neither justified by the medical or hospital treatment of the
person or persons concerned nor carried out with their genuine consent.20
3. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
4. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (g)-6
Crime against humanity of sexual violence
Elements
1. The perpetrator committed an act of a sexual nature against one or more persons
or caused such person or persons to engage in an act of a sexual nature by force, or
by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress,
detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or
persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment or
such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. Such conduct was of a gravity comparable to the other offences in article 7,
paragraph 1 (g), of the Statute.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the gravity
of the conduct.
10
Elements of Crimes
19 The deprivation is not intended to include birth-control measures which have a non-permanent effect in practice.
20 It is understood that ‘genuine consent’ does not include consent obtained through deception.
11
Elements of Crimes
4. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (h)
Crime against humanity of persecution
Elements
1. The perpetrator severely deprived, contrary to international law,21 one or more
persons of fundamental rights.
2. The perpetrator targeted such person or persons by reason of the identity of a
group or collectivity or targeted the group or collectivity as such.
3. Such targeting was based on political, racial, national, ethnic, cultural, religious,
gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, of the Statute, or other grounds that
are universally recognized as impermissible under international law.
4. The conduct was committed in connection with any act referred to in article 7,
paragraph 1, of the Statute or any crime within the jurisdiction of the Court.22
5. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
6. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (i)
Crime against humanity of enforced disappearance of persons23, 24
Elements
1. The perpetrator:
(a) Arrested, detained25, 26 or abducted one or more persons; or
(b) Refused to acknowledge the arrest, detention or abduction, or to give
information on the fate or whereabouts of such person or persons.
21 This requirement is without prejudice to paragraph 6 of the General Introduction to the Elements of Crimes.
22 It is understood that no additional mental element is necessary for this element other than that inherent in
element 6.
23 Given the complex nature of this crime, it is recognized that its commission will normally involve more than
one perpetrator as a part of a common criminal purpose.
24 This crime falls under the jurisdiction of the Court only if the attack referred to in elements 7 and 8 occurs after
the entry into force of the Statute.
25 The word ‘detained’ would include a perpetrator who maintained an existing detention.
26 It is understood that under certain circumstances an arrest or detention may have been lawful.
12
Elements of Crimes
2. (a) Such arrest, detention or abduction was followed or accompanied by a
refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information
on the fate or whereabouts of such person or persons; or
(b) Such refusal was preceded or accompanied by that deprivation of freedom.
3. The perpetrator was aware that:27
(a) Such arrest, detention or abduction would be followed in the ordinary
course of events by a refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom
or to give information on the fate or whereabouts of such person or
persons;28 or
(b) Such refusal was preceded or accompanied by that deprivation of freedom.
4. Such arrest, detention or abduction was carried out by, or with the authorization,
support or acquiescence of, a State or a political organization.
5. Such refusal to acknowledge that deprivation of freedom or to give information on
the fate or whereabouts of such person or persons was carried out by, or with the
authorization or support of, such State or political organization.
6. The perpetrator intended to remove such person or persons from the protection of
the law for a prolonged period of time.
7. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
8. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (j)
Crime against humanity of apartheid
Elements
1. The perpetrator committed an inhumane act against one or more persons.
2. Such act was an act referred to in article 7, paragraph 1, of the Statute, or was an
act of a character similar to any of those acts.29
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the
character of the act.
4. The conduct was committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of
systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial
group or groups.
27 This element, inserted because of the complexity of this crime, is without prejudice to the General Introduction
to the Elements of Crimes.
28 It is understood that, in the case of a perpetrator who maintained an existing detention, this element would be
satisfied if the perpetrator was aware that such a refusal had already taken place.
29 It is understood that ‘character’ refers to the nature and gravity of the act.
13
Elements of Crimes
5. The perpetrator intended to maintain such regime by that conduct.
6. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
7. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
Article 7 (1) (k)
Crime against humanity of other inhumane acts
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted great suffering, or serious injury to body or to mental or
physical health, by means of an inhumane act.
2. Such act was of a character similar to any other act referred to in article 7,
paragraph 1, of the Statute.30
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the
character of the act.
4. The conduct was committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed
against a civilian population.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct was part of or intended the conduct to be
part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population.
30 It is understood that ‘character’ refers to the nature and gravity of the act.
14
Elements of Crimes
Article 8
War crimes
Introduction
The elements for war crimes under article 8, paragraph 2 (c) and (e), are subject to the
limitations addressed in article 8, paragraph 2 (d) and (f), which are not elements of crimes.
The elements for war crimes under article 8, paragraph 2, of the Statute shall be interpreted
within the established framework of the international law of armed conflict including, as
appropriate, the international law of armed conflict applicable to armed conflict at sea.
With respect to the last two elements listed for each crime:
– There is no requirement for a legal evaluation by the perpetrator as to
the existence of an armed conflict or its character as international or
non-international;
– In that context there is no requirement for awareness by the perpetrator of
the facts that established the character of the conflict as international or
non-international;
– There is only a requirement for the awareness of the factual circumstances that
established the existence of an armed conflict that is implicit in the terms ‘took
place in the context of and was associated with’.
Article 8 (2) (a)
Article 8 (2) (a) (i)
War crime of wilful killing
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed one or more persons.31
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.32, 33
31. The term ‘killed’ is interchangeable with the term ‘caused death’. This footnote applies to all elements which
use either of these concepts.
32. This mental element recognizes the interplay between articles 30 and 32. This footnote also applies to the
corresponding element in each crime under article 8 (2) (a), and to the element in other crimes in article 8 (2)
concerning the awareness of factual circumstances that establish the status of persons or property protected
under the relevant international law of armed conflict.
33. With respect to nationality, it is understood that the perpetrator needs only to know that the victim belonged to
an adverse party to the conflict. This footnote also applies to the corresponding element in each crime under
article 8 (2) (a).
15
Elements of Crimes
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.34
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (ii)-1
War crime of torture
Elements
35
1. The perpetrator inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or
more persons.
2. The perpetrator inflicted the pain or suffering for such purposes as: obtaining
information or a confession, punishment, intimidation or coercion or for any
reason based on discrimination of any kind.
3. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (ii)-2
War crime of inhuman treatment
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or
more persons.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
34. The term ‘international armed conflict’ includes military occupation. This footnote also applies to the
corresponding element in each crime under article 8 (2) (a).
35. As element 3 requires that all victims must be ‘protected persons’ under one or more of the Geneva Conventions of
1949, these elements do not include the custody or control requirement found in the elements of article 7 (1) (e).
16
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (a) (ii)-3
War crime of biological experiments
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to a particular biological
experiment.
2. The experiment seriously endangered the physical or mental health or integrity of
such person or persons.
3. The intent of the experiment was non-therapeutic and it was neither justified by
medical reasons nor carried out in such person’s or persons’ interest.
4. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (iii)
War crime of wilfully causing great suffering
Elements
1. The perpetrator caused great physical or mental pain or suffering to, or serious
injury to body or health of, one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (iv)
War crime of destruction and appropriation of property
Elements
1. The perpetrator destroyed or appropriated certain property.
2. The destruction or appropriation was not justified by military necessity.
17
Elements of Crimes
3. The destruction or appropriation was extensive and carried out wantonly.
4. Such property was protected under one or more of the Geneva Conventions of
1949.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (v)
War crime of compelling service in hostile forces
Elements
1. The perpetrator coerced one or more persons, by act or threat, to take part in
military operations against that person’s own country or forces or otherwise serve
in the forces of a hostile power.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (vi)
War crime of denying a fair trial
Elements
1. The perpetrator deprived one or more persons of a fair and regular trial by denying
judicial guarantees as defined, in particular, in the third and the fourth Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
18
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (a) (vii)-1
War crime of unlawful deportation and transfer
Elements
1. The perpetrator deported or transferred one or more persons to another State or to
another location.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (vii)-2
War crime of unlawful confinement
Elements
1. The perpetrator confined or continued to confine one or more persons to a certain
location.
2. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (a) (viii)
War crime of taking hostages
Elements
1. The perpetrator seized, detained or otherwise held hostage one or more persons.
2. The perpetrator threatened to kill, injure or continue to detain such person or
persons.
3. The perpetrator intended to compel a State, an international organization, a
natural or legal person or a group of persons to act or refrain from acting
as an explicit or implicit condition for the safety or the release of such person or
persons.
19
Elements of Crimes
4. Such person or persons were protected under one or more of the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protected status.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b)
Article 8 (2) (b) (i)
War crime of attacking civilians
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was a civilian population as such or individual civilians not
taking direct part in hostilities.
3. The perpetrator intended the civilian population as such or individual civilians not
taking direct part in hostilities to be the object of the attack.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (ii)
War crime of attacking civilian objects
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military
objectives.
3. The perpetrator intended such civilian objects to be the object of the attack.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (iii)
War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian
assistance or peacekeeping mission
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles
involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations.
3. The perpetrator intended such personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles
so involved to be the object of the attack.
4. Such personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles were entitled to that
protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protection.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (iv)
War crime of excessive incidental death, injury, or damage
Elements
1. The perpetrator launched an attack.
2. The attack was such that it would cause incidental death or injury to civilians or
damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the
natural environment and that such death, injury or damage would be of such an
extent as to be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall
military advantage anticipated.36
20
Elements of Crimes
36 The expression ‘concrete and direct overall military advantage’ refers to a military advantage that is foreseeable by
the perpetrator at the relevant time. Such advantage may or may not be temporally or geographically related to
the object of the attack. The fact that this crime admits the possibility of lawful incidental injury and collateral
damage does not in any way justify any violation of the law applicable in armed conflict. It does not address
justifications for war or other rules related to jus ad bellum. It reflects the proportionality requirement inherent in
determining the legality of any military activity undertaken in the context of an armed conflict.
21
Elements of Crimes
3. The perpetrator knew that the attack would cause incidental death or injury to
civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe
damage to the natural environment and that such death, injury or damage would
be of such an extent as to be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct
overall military advantage anticipated.37
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (v)
War crime of attacking undefended places38
Elements
1. The perpetrator attacked one or more towns, villages, dwellings or buildings.
2. Such towns, villages, dwellings or buildings were open for unresisted occupation.
3. Such towns, villages, dwellings or buildings did not constitute military objectives.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (vi)
War crime of killing or wounding a person hors de combat
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed or injured one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons were hors de combat.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
37 As opposed to the general rule set forth in paragraph 4 of the General Introduction, this knowledge element
requires that the perpetrator make the value judgement as described therein. An evaluation of that value
judgement must be based on the requisite information available to the perpetrator at the time.
38 The presence in the locality of persons specially protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 or of police
forces retained for the sole purpose of maintaining law and order does not by itself render the locality a
military objective.
22
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (vii)-1
War crime of improper use of a flag of truce
Elements
1. The perpetrator used a flag of truce.
2. The perpetrator made such use in order to feign an intention to negotiate when
there was no such intention on the part of the perpetrator.
3. The perpetrator knew or should have known of the prohibited nature of such
use.39
4. The conduct resulted in death or serious personal injury.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct could result in death or serious personal
injury.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (vii)-2
War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the hostile party
Elements
1. The perpetrator used a flag, insignia or uniform of the hostile party.
2. The perpetrator made such use in a manner prohibited under the international law
of armed conflict while engaged in an attack.
3. The perpetrator knew or should have known of the prohibited nature of such
use.40
4. The conduct resulted in death or serious personal injury.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct could result in death or serious personal
injury.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
39 This mental element recognizes the interplay between article 30 and article 32. The term ‘prohibited nature’
denotes illegality.
40 This mental element recognizes the interplay between article 30 and article 32. The term ‘prohibited nature’
denotes illegality.
23
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (vii)-3
War crime of improper use of a flag, insignia or uniform of the United
Nations
Elements
1. The perpetrator used a flag, insignia or uniform of the United Nations.
2. The perpetrator made such use in a manner prohibited under the international law
of armed conflict.
3. The perpetrator knew of the prohibited nature of such use.41
4. The conduct resulted in death or serious personal injury.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct could result in death or serious personal
injury.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (vii)-4
War crime of improper use of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva
Conventions
Elements
1. The perpetrator used the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions.
2. The perpetrator made such use for combatant purposes42 in a manner prohibited
under the international law of armed conflict.
3. The perpetrator knew or should have known of the prohibited nature of such
use.43
4. The conduct resulted in death or serious personal injury.
5. The perpetrator knew that the conduct could result in death or serious personal
injury.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
41 This mental element recognizes the interplay between article 30 and article 32. The ‘should have known’ test
required in the other offences found in article 8 (2) (b) (vii) is not applicable here because of the variable and
regulatory nature of the relevant prohibitions.
42 ‘Combatant purposes’ in these circumstances means purposes directly related to hostilities and not including
medical, religious or similar activities.
43 This mental element recognizes the interplay between article 30 and article 32. The term ‘prohibited nature’
denotes illegality.
24
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (viii)
The transfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of parts of its own
civilian population into the territory it occupies, or the deportation or transfer
of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this
territory
Elements
1. The perpetrator:
(a) Transferred,44 directly or indirectly, parts of its own population into the
territory it occupies; or
(b) Deported or transferred all or parts of the population of the occupied
territory within or outside this territory.
2. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
3. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (ix)
War crime of attacking protected objects45
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was one or more buildings dedicated to religion,
education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals or
places where the sick and wounded are collected, which were not military
objectives.
3. The perpetrator intended such building or buildings dedicated to religion,
education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals or
places where the sick and wounded are collected, which were not military
objectives, to be the object of the attack.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
44 The term ‘transfer’ needs to be interpreted in accordance with the relevant provisions of international
humanitarian law.
45 The presence in the locality of persons specially protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 or of police
forces retained for the sole purpose of maintaining law and order does not by itself render the locality a
military objective.
25
Elements of Crimes
46 Consent is not a defence to this crime. The crime prohibits any medical procedure which is not indicated by the
state of health of the person concerned and which is not consistent with generally accepted medical standards
which would be applied under similar medical circumstances to persons who are nationals of the party
conducting the procedure and who are in no way deprived of liberty. This footnote also applies to the same
element for article 8 (2) (b) (x)-2.
Article 8 (2) (b) (x)-1
War crime of mutilation
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to mutilation, in particular by
permanently disfiguring the person or persons, or by permanently disabling or
removing an organ or appendage.
2. The conduct caused death or seriously endangered the physical or mental health
of such person or persons.
3. The conduct was neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
the person or persons concerned nor carried out in such person’s or persons’
interest.46
4. Such person or persons were in the power of an adverse party.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (x)-2
War crime of medical or scientific experiments
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to a medical or scientific
experiment.
2. The experiment caused death or seriously endangered the physical or mental
health or integrity of such person or persons.
3. The conduct was neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
such person or persons concerned nor carried out in such person’s or persons’
interest.
4. Such person or persons were in the power of an adverse party.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
26
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (xi)
War crime of treacherously killing or wounding
Elements
1. The perpetrator invited the confidence or belief of one or more persons that they
were entitled to, or were obliged to accord, protection under rules of international
law applicable in armed conflict.
2. The perpetrator intended to betray that confidence or belief.
3. The perpetrator killed or injured such person or persons.
4. The perpetrator made use of that confidence or belief in killing or injuring such
person or persons.
5. Such person or persons belonged to an adverse party.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xii)
War crime of denying quarter
Elements
1. The perpetrator declared or ordered that there shall be no survivors.
2. Such declaration or order was given in order to threaten an adversary or to
conduct hostilities on the basis that there shall be no survivors.
3. The perpetrator was in a position of effective command or control over the
subordinate forces to which the declaration or order was directed.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xiii)
War crime of destroying or seizing the enemy’s property
Elements
1. The perpetrator destroyed or seized certain property.
2. Such property was property of a hostile party.
3. Such property was protected from that destruction or seizure under the
international law of armed conflict.
27
Elements of Crimes
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the status
of the property.
5. The destruction or seizure was not justified by military necessity.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xiv)
War crime of depriving the nationals of the hostile power of rights or actions
Elements
1. The perpetrator effected the abolition, suspension or termination of admissibility
in a court of law of certain rights or actions.
2. The abolition, suspension or termination was directed at the nationals of a hostile
party.
3. The perpetrator intended the abolition, suspension or termination to be directed
at the nationals of a hostile party.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xv)
War crime of compelling participation in military operations
Elements
1. The perpetrator coerced one or more persons by act or threat to take part in
military operations against that person’s own country or forces.
2. Such person or persons were nationals of a hostile party.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
28
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (xvi)
War crime of pillaging
Elements
1. The perpetrator appropriated certain property.
2. The perpetrator intended to deprive the owner of the property and to appropriate
it for private or personal use.47
3. The appropriation was without the consent of the owner.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xvii)
War crime of employing poison or poisoned weapons
Elements
1. The perpetrator employed a substance or a weapon that releases a substance as a
result of its employment.
2. The substance was such that it causes death or serious damage to health in the
ordinary course of events, through its toxic properties.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xviii)
War crime of employing prohibited gases, liquids, materials or devices
Elements
1. The perpetrator employed a gas or other analogous substance or device.
2. The gas, substance or device was such that it causes death or serious damage to
health in the ordinary course of events, through its asphyxiating or toxic
properties.48
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
47 As indicated by the use of the term ‘private or personal use’, appropriations justified by military necessity
cannot constitute the crime of pillaging.
48 Nothing in this element shall be interpreted as limiting or prejudicing in any way existing or developing rules
of international law with respect to the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons.
29
Elements of Crimes
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xix)
War crime of employing prohibited bullets
Elements
1. The perpetrator employed certain bullets.
2. The bullets were such that their use violates the international law of armed conflict
because they expand or flatten easily in the human body.
3. The perpetrator was aware that the nature of the bullets was such that their
employment would uselessly aggravate suffering or the wounding effect.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xx)
War crime of employing weapons, projectiles or materials or methods of
warfare listed in the Annex to the Statute
Elements
[Elements will have to be drafted once weapons, projectiles or material or methods of
warfare have been included in an annex to the Statute.]
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxi)
War crime of outrages upon personal dignity
Elements
1. The perpetrator humiliated, degraded or otherwise violated the dignity of one or
more persons.49
2. The severity of the humiliation, degradation or other violation was of such degree
as to be generally recognized as an outrage upon personal dignity.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
49 For this crime, ‘persons’ can include dead persons. It is understood that the victim need not personally be
aware of the existence of the humiliation or degradation or other violation. This element takes into account
relevant aspects of the cultural background of the victim.
30
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-1
War crime of rape
Elements
1. The perpetrator invaded50 the body of a person by conduct resulting in
penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the
perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim
with any object or any other part of the body.
2. The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that
caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of
power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving
genuine consent.51
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-2
War crime of sexual slavery52
Elements
1. The perpetrator exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of
ownership over one or more persons, such as by purchasing, selling, lending or
bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation
of liberty.53
2. The perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
50 The concept of ‘invasion’ is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral.
51 It is understood that a person may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or
age-related incapacity. This footnote also applies to the corresponding elements of article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-3, 5 and 6.
52 Given the complex nature of this crime, it is recognized that its commission could involve more than one
perpetrator as a part of a common criminal purpose.
53 It is understood that such deprivation of liberty may, in some circumstances, include exacting forced labour or
otherwise reducing a person to servile status as defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of
Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery of 1956. It is also understood that the
conduct described in this element includes trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-3
War crime of enforced prostitution
Elements
1. The perpetrator caused one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear
of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against
such person or persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment or such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. The perpetrator or another person obtained or expected to obtain pecuniary or
other advantage in exchange for or in connection with the acts of a sexual nature.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-4
War crime of forced pregnancy
Elements
1. The perpetrator confined one or more women forcibly made pregnant, with the
intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other
grave violations of international law.
2. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
3. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-5
War crime of enforced sterilization
Elements
1. The perpetrator deprived one or more persons of biological reproductive capacity.54
2. The conduct was neither justified by the medical or hospital treatment of the
person or persons concerned nor carried out with their genuine consent.55
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
31
Elements of Crimes
54 The deprivation is not intended to include birth-control measures which have a non-permanent effect in
practice.
55 It is understood that ‘genuine consent’ does not include consent obtained through deception.
32
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxii)-6
War crime of sexual violence
Elements
1. The perpetrator committed an act of a sexual nature against one or more persons
or caused such person or persons to engage in an act of a sexual nature by force, or
by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress,
detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or
persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment or
such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. The conduct was of a gravity comparable to that of a grave breach of the Geneva
Conventions.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the gravity
of the conduct.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxiii)
War crime of using protected persons as shields
Elements
1. The perpetrator moved or otherwise took advantage of the location of one or more
civilians or other persons protected under the international law of armed conflict.
2. The perpetrator intended to shield a military objective from attack or shield,
favour or impede military operations.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxiv)
War crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive emblems of
the Geneva Conventions
Elements
1. The perpetrator attacked one or more persons, buildings, medical units or
transports or other objects using, in conformity with international law, a
distinctive emblem or other method of identification indicating protection under
the Geneva Conventions.
2. The perpetrator intended such persons, buildings, units or transports or other
objects so using such identification to be the object of the attack.
33
Elements of Crimes
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxv)
War crime of starvation as a method of warfare
Elements
1. The perpetrator deprived civilians of objects indispensable to their survival.
2. The perpetrator intended to starve civilians as a method of warfare.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (b) (xxvi)
War crime of using, conscripting or enlisting children
Elements
1. The perpetrator conscripted or enlisted one or more persons into the national
armed forces or used one or more persons to participate actively in hostilities.
2. Such person or persons were under the age of 15 years.
3. The perpetrator knew or should have known that such person or persons were
under the age of 15 years.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (c)
Article 8 (2) (c) (i)-1
War crime of murder
Elements
1. The perpetrator killed one or more persons.
2. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel, or religious personnel56 taking no active part in the hostilities.
56 The term ‘religious personnel’ includes those non-confessional non-combatant military personnel carrying out
a similar function.
34
Elements of Crimes
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (c) (i)-2
War crime of mutilation
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to mutilation, in particular by
permanently disfiguring the person or persons, or by permanently disabling or
removing an organ or appendage.
2. The conduct was neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
the person or persons concerned nor carried out in such person’s or persons’
interests.
3. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (c) (i)-3
War crime of cruel treatment
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or
more persons.
2. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel, or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
35
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (c) (i)-4
War crime of torture
Elements
1. The perpetrator inflicted severe physical or mental pain or suffering upon one or
more persons.
2. The perpetrator inflicted the pain or suffering for such purposes as: obtaining
information or a confession, punishment, intimidation or coercion or for any
reason based on discrimination of any kind.
3. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (c) (ii)
War crime of outrages upon personal dignity
Elements
1. The perpetrator humiliated, degraded or otherwise violated the dignity of one or
more persons.57
2. The severity of the humiliation, degradation or other violation was of such degree
as to be generally recognized as an outrage upon personal dignity.
3. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
57 For this crime, ‘persons’ can include dead persons. It is understood that the victim need not personally be
aware of the existence of the humiliation or degradation or other violation. This element takes into account
relevant aspects of the cultural background of the victim.
36
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (c) (iii)
War crime of taking hostages
Elements
1. The perpetrator seized, detained or otherwise held hostage one or more persons.
2. The perpetrator threatened to kill, injure or continue to detain such person or
persons.
3. The perpetrator intended to compel a State, an international organization, a
natural or legal person or a group of persons to act or refrain from acting as an
explicit or implicit condition for the safety or the release of such person or persons.
4. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (c) (iv)
War crime of sentencing or execution without due process
Elements
1. The perpetrator passed sentence or executed one or more persons.58
2. Such person or persons were either hors de combat, or were civilians, medical
personnel or religious personnel taking no active part in the hostilities.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established this
status.
4. There was no previous judgement pronounced by a court, or the court that
rendered judgement was not ‘regularly constituted’, that is, it did not afford the
essential guarantees of independence and impartiality, or the court that rendered
judgement did not afford all other judicial guarantees generally recognized as
indispensable under international law.59
5. The perpetrator was aware of the absence of a previous judgement or of the
denial of relevant guarantees and the fact that they are essential or indispensable
to a fair trial.
58 The elements laid down in these documents do not address the different forms of individual criminal
responsibility, as enunciated in articles 25 and 28 of the Statute.
59 With respect to elements 4 and 5, the Court should consider whether, in the light of all relevant circumstances,
the cumulative effect of factors with respect to guarantees deprived the person or persons of a fair trial.
37
Elements of Crimes
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e)
Article 8 (2) (e) (i)
War crime of attacking civilians
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was a civilian population as such or individual civilians not
taking direct part in hostilities.
3. The perpetrator intended the civilian population as such or individual civilians not
taking direct part in hostilities to be the object of the attack.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (ii)
War crime of attacking objects or persons using the distinctive emblems of
the Geneva Conventions
Elements
1. The perpetrator attacked one or more persons, buildings, medical units or
transports or other objects using, in conformity with international law, a
distinctive emblem or other method of identification indicating protection under
the Geneva Conventions.
2. The perpetrator intended such persons, buildings, units or transports or other
objects so using such identification to be the object of the attack.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
38
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (e) (iii)
War crime of attacking personnel or objects involved in a humanitarian
assistance or peacekeeping mission
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles
involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with
the Charter of the United Nations.
3. The perpetrator intended such personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles
so involved to be the object of the attack.
4. Such personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles were entitled to that
protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of
armed conflict.
5. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established that
protection.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (iv)
War crime of attacking protected objects60
Elements
1. The perpetrator directed an attack.
2. The object of the attack was one or more buildings dedicated to religion,
education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals or
places where the sick and wounded are collected, which were not military
objectives.
3. The perpetrator intended such building or buildings dedicated to religion,
education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals or
places where the sick and wounded are collected, which were not military
objectives, to be the object of the attack.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
60 The presence in the locality of persons specially protected under the Geneva Conventions of 1949 or of police
forces retained for the sole purpose of maintaining law and order does not by itself render the locality a
military objective.
39
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (e) (v)
War crime of pillaging
Elements
1. The perpetrator appropriated certain property.
2. The perpetrator intended to deprive the owner of the property and to appropriate
it for private or personal use.61
3. The appropriation was without the consent of the owner.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-1
War crime of rape
Elements
1. The perpetrator invaded62 the body of a person by conduct resulting in
penetration, however slight, of any part of the body of the victim or of the
perpetrator with a sexual organ, or of the anal or genital opening of the victim
with any object or any other part of the body.
2. The invasion was committed by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that
caused by fear of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of
power, against such person or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment, or the invasion was committed against a person incapable of giving
genuine consent.63
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
61 As indicated by the use of the term ‘private or personal use’, appropriations justified by military necessity
cannot constitute the crime of pillaging.
62 The concept of ‘invasion’ is intended to be broad enough to be gender-neutral.
63 It is understood that a person may be incapable of giving genuine consent if affected by natural, induced or
age-related incapacity. This footnote also applies to the corresponding elements in article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-3, 5 and 6.
40
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-2
War crime of sexual slavery64
Elements
1. The perpetrator exercised any or all of the powers attaching to the right of
ownership over one or more persons, such as by purchasing, selling, lending or
bartering such a person or persons, or by imposing on them a similar deprivation
of liberty.65
2. The perpetrator caused such person or persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-3
War crime of enforced prostitution
Elements
1. The perpetrator caused one or more persons to engage in one or more acts of a
sexual nature by force, or by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear
of violence, duress, detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against
such person or persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive
environment or such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. The perpetrator or another person obtained or expected to obtain pecuniary or
other advantage in exchange for or in connection with the acts of a sexual nature.
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-4
War crime of forced pregnancy
Elements
1. The perpetrator confined one or more women forcibly made pregnant, with the
intent of affecting the ethnic composition of any population or carrying out other
grave violations of international law.
64 Given the complex nature of this crime, it is recognized that its commission could involve more than one
perpetrator as a part of a common criminal purpose.
65 It is understood that such deprivation of liberty may, in some circumstances, include exacting forced labour or
otherwise reducing a person to servile status as defined in the Supplementary Convention on the Abolition
of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery of 1956. It is also understood that
the conduct described in this element includes trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.
41
Elements of Crimes
2. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
3. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-5
War crime of enforced sterilization
Elements
1. The perpetrator deprived one or more persons of biological reproductive
capacity.66
2. The conduct was neither justified by the medical or hospital treatment of the
person or persons concerned nor carried out with their genuine consent.67
3. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
4. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (vi)-6
War crime of sexual violence
Elements
1. The perpetrator committed an act of a sexual nature against one or more persons
or caused such person or persons to engage in an act of a sexual nature by force, or
by threat of force or coercion, such as that caused by fear of violence, duress,
detention, psychological oppression or abuse of power, against such person or
persons or another person, or by taking advantage of a coercive environment or
such person’s or persons’ incapacity to give genuine consent.
2. The conduct was of a gravity comparable to that of a serious violation of article 3
common to the four Geneva Conventions.
3. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the gravity
of the conduct.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
66 The deprivation is not intended to include birth-control measures which have a non-permanent effect in
practice.
67 It is understood that ‘genuine consent’ does not include consent obtained through deception.
42
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (e) (vii)
War crime of using, conscripting and enlisting children
Elements
1. The perpetrator conscripted or enlisted one or more persons into an armed force
or group or used one or more persons to participate actively in hostilities.
2. Such person or persons were under the age of 15 years.
3. The perpetrator knew or should have known that such person or persons were
under the age of 15 years.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (viii)
War crime of displacing civilians
Elements
1. The perpetrator ordered a displacement of a civilian population.
2. Such order was not justified by the security of the civilians involved or by military
necessity.
3. The perpetrator was in a position to effect such displacement by giving such order.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (ix)
War crime of treacherously killing or wounding
Elements
1. The perpetrator invited the confidence or belief of one or more combatant
adversaries that they were entitled to, or were obliged to accord, protection under
rules of international law applicable in armed conflict.
2. The perpetrator intended to betray that confidence or belief.
3. The perpetrator killed or injured such person or persons.
4. The perpetrator made use of that confidence or belief in killing or injuring such
person or persons.
5. Such person or persons belonged to an adverse party.
43
Elements of Crimes
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (x)
War crime of denying quarter
Elements
1. The perpetrator declared or ordered that there shall be no survivors.
2. Such declaration or order was given in order to threaten an adversary or to
conduct hostilities on the basis that there shall be no survivors.
3. The perpetrator was in a position of effective command or control over the
subordinate forces to which the declaration or order was directed.
4. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
5. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (xi)-1
War crime of mutilation
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to mutilation, in particular by
permanently disfiguring the person or persons, or by permanently disabling or
removing an organ or appendage.
2. The conduct caused death or seriously endangered the physical or mental health
of such person or persons.
3. The conduct was neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
the person or persons concerned nor carried out in such person’s or persons’
interest.68
4. Such person or persons were in the power of another party to the conflict.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
68 Consent is not a defence to this crime. The crime prohibits any medical procedure which is not indicated by the
state of health of the person concerned and which is not consistent with generally accepted medical standards
which would be applied under similar medical circumstances to persons who are nationals of the party
conducting the procedure and who are in no way deprived of liberty. This footnote also applies to the similar
element in article 8 (2) (e) (xi)-2.
44
Elements of Crimes
Article 8 (2) (e) (xi)-2
War crime of medical or scientific experiments
Elements
1. The perpetrator subjected one or more persons to a medical or scientific
experiment.
2. The experiment caused the death or seriously endangered the physical or mental
health or integrity of such person or persons.
3. The conduct was neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of
such person or persons concerned nor carried out in such person’s or persons’
interest.
4. Such person or persons were in the power of another party to the conflict.
5. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
6. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
Article 8 (2) (e) (xii)
War crime of destroying or seizing the enemy’s property
Elements
1. The perpetrator destroyed or seized certain property.
2. Such property was property of an adversary.
3. Such property was protected from that destruction or seizure under the
international law of armed conflict.
4. The perpetrator was aware of the factual circumstances that established the status
of the property.
5. The destruction or seizure was not required by military necessity.
6. The conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an armed conflict
not of an international character.
7. The perpetrator was aware of factual circumstances that established the existence
of an armed conflict.
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